UC-NRLF 


FEED    MANUAL 


UNIVERSITY  FARM 


FEED  MANUAL  AND  NOTE  BOOK 


LIPPINCOTTS 

FARM  MANUALS 

Edited  by  K.  C.  DAVIS.  Ph.D. 


SECOND  EDITION  REVISED 

PRODUCTIVE  SWINE  HUSBANDRY 

BY  GEORGE  E.  DAY,  B.S.A. 

PROF.  OF  ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY,  ONTARIO  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  CANADA. 

96  illustrations.  xiii-\- 363  pages.  $1.75  net. 

SECOND  EDITION  REVISED 

PRODUCTIVE  POULTRY  HUSBANDRY 
BY  HARRY  R.  LEWIS,  B.S. 

POULTRY  HUSBANDRYMAN,  NEW  JERSEY  AGRICULTURAL 
EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

330  illustrations.  xxi  -f-  536  pages.  $2.00  net. 

SECOND  EDITION  REVISE!? 

PRODUCTIVE  HORSE  HUSBANDRY 
BY  CARL  W.  GAY,  B.S.A. 

PROF.  ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY,  CHAIRMAN  ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY  SECTION, 

DEPARTMENT     OF     AGRICULTURE, 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA. 

176  illustrations.  xvi  +33 1  pages.  $1-75  net. 

PRODUCTIVE  ORCHARDING 
BY  FRED  C.  SEARS,  M.S.- 

PROF.  OF  POMOLOGY,  MASSACHUSETTS  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 

I S7  illustrations,  xiv  -\-  314  pages.  $1.75  net. 

PRODUCTIVE  VEGETABLE  GROWING 

BY  JOHN  W.  LLOYD,  M.S.A. 

PROF.  OF  OLERICULTURE,  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

IQ4  illustrations.  xiii  -f-  339  pages.  $1.75  net. 

SECOND  EDITION  REVISED  AND  ENLARGED 

PRODUCTIVE  FEEDING  OF  FARM  ANIMALS 

BY  F.  W.  WOLL,  PH.D. 

PROF.  OF  ANIMAL  NUTRITION,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

106  illustrations.  xii  +J75  pages.  $1-75  net. 

SECOND  EDITION 

COMMON  DISEASES  OF  FARM  ANIMALS 
BY  R.  A.  CRAIG,  D.V.M. 

PROF.  VETERINARY  SCIENCE,  PURDUE  UNIVERSITY. 

124  illustrations.  xii  +334  pages.  $*-75  net. 

PRODUCTIVE  FARM  CROPS 
BY  E.  G.  MONTGOMERY,  M.A. 

PROF.  OF  FARM  CROPS,  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY. 

204  illustrations.  xix  +  501  pages.  $1.75  net. 

PRODUCTIVE  BEE  KEEPING 
BY  FRANK  C.  PELLETT 

STATE  APIARIST  OF  IOWA. 

135  illustrations.  xiv  +302  pages.  $1.75  net. 

IN    PREPARATION 

PRODUCTIVE  DAIRYING 

BY  R.  M.  WASHBURN 

PROF.  OF  DAIRY  HUSBANDRY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA. 

132  illustrations.  xii  -f  jpj  pages.  $i-75  net- 


FEED  MANUAL  AND 
NOTE  BOOK 


PREPARED  BY 


F.  W.  WOLL,  PH.D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ANIMAL    NUTRITION,    UNIVERSITY    OF   CALIFORNIA 


PHILADELPHIA  AND  LONDON 
J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 


COPYRIGHT,  1917 
BY  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 


Electrotyped  and  Printed  by  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company 
The  Washington  Square  Press,  Philadelphia,  U.  S.  A. 


PREFACE 

THIS  Manual  has  been  prepared  with  two  main  objects  in  view:  first,  to 
enable  students  in  agricultural  schools  and  colleges  to  become  thoroughly 
familiar  with  our  more  important  feed  materials,  not  only  as  regards  their 
chemical  composition  and  digestibility,  but  as  to  appearance,  physical  prop- 
erties, and  the  various  conditions  that  influence  their  value  for  stock  feeding; 
and  second,  to  furnish  a  guide  for  the  use  of  the  feeds  in  compounding  rations 
that  is  both  scientifically  correct  and  sound  from  a  practical  point  of  view. 
The  aim  has  been  to  stimulate  independent  thinking  so  that  the  facts  and 
principles  brought  out  may  form  a  part  of  the  mental  equipment  of  the 
student  that  will  materially  aid  him  in  his  later  efforts  to  become  a  successful 
stockman. 

The  plan  of  the  exercises  has  purposely  been  made  somewhat  flexible, 
for  the  benefit  of  teacher  and  student  alike,  since  local  conditions  in  different 
sections  and  states  vary  greatly,  both  as  to  kinds  and  cost  of  the  available 
feeding  stuffs,  and  the  feeding  practices  followed;  hence,  such  special  prob- 
lems as  are  of  more  direct  value  in  a  particular  section  may  be  given  the  pref- 
erence. The  object  of  the  simple  tests  given  in  the  Manual  is  to  acquaint 
the  student  with  some  of  the  common  impurities  or  adulterations  of  feeding 
stuffs,  which  may  be  readily  determined  in  the  classroom  without  any  special 
equipment  beyond  a  few  common  inexpensive  pieces  of  apparatus.  The 
microscopic  identification  of  components  of  feeding  stuffs,  condiments,  etc., 
has  not  been  attempted,  since  this  requires  special  training  in  microscopic 
technique  and  a  knowledge  of  the  anatomy  of  plant  tissues,  as  well  as 
laboratory  facilities,  that  may  not  be  available  for  students  taking  a  course  in 
feeding. 

The  Manual  is  based  primarily  on  the  author's  book,  "Productive  Feed- 
ing of  Farm  Animals,"1  but  it  can  also  be  readily  used  in  connection  with  other 
text  or  reference  books  on  this  subject.  The  solution  of  many  of  the  prob- 
lems given  cannot,  however,  be  found  by  referring  to  any  one  book.  The 
literature  on  the  subject,  especially  the  publications  of  the  various  Experi- 

'J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  Publishers,  Philadelphia,  Perm.,  Revised  Edition,  1916. 
385  pp. 


PREFACE 

ment  Stations  or  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  must  often 
be  consulted,  and  in  some  cases,  knowledge  drawn  from  practical  feeding 
experience.  It  will  be  found  that  the  interest  of  the  student  in  the  subject 
will  be  quickened  by  this  method  of  instruction,  and  that  it  will  better  prepare 
him  to  grapple  with  the  feed  problems  of  the  farm  later  on  that  will  present 
themselves,  than  if  he  were  merely  required  to  go  through  some  problems  of 
arithmetic  relating  to  the  feeding  of  stock,  however  valuable  these  may  be. 
February,  1917 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 9 

INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  FILLING  OUT  FEED  BLANKS. 11 

A.  FEEDING  STUFFS: 
EXERCISE 

1.  GREEN  ALFALFA 13 

2.  A  STUDY  OF  DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  HAY 15 

3.  TIMOTHY  HAY 16 

4.  MEADOW  HAY 18 

5.  CLOVER  HAY 20 

6.  To  CALCULATE  THE  AMOUNT  OF  HAY  IN  A  Mow 22 

7.  To  CALCULATE  THE  AMOUNT  OF  HAY  IN  A  STACK 23 

8.  OAT  STRAW 24 

9.  CORN  SILAGE 26 

10.  To  CALCULATE  THE  AMOUNT  OF  SILAGE  IN  SILOS 28 

11.  THE  SILO  ON  THE  STOCK  FARM 29 

12.  A  STUDY  OF  MARKET  PRICES  OF  FEEDING  STUFFS 31 

13.  PRELIMINARY  STUDY  OF  CONCENTRATED  FEEDS 33 

14.  TESTS  FOR  ADULTERATIONS  OF  CONCENTRATES 35 

15.  INDIAN  CORN 36 

16.  CORN-AND-COB  MEAL 38 

17.  To  MEASURE  CORN  IN  CRIBS 39 

18.  OATS 40 

19.  To  DETERMINE  PER  CENT  OF  HULLS  IN  OATS 41 

20.  CORN  AND  OATS  ("GROUND  FEED") 42 

21.  BARLEY 43 

22.  MILO  MAIZE 44 

23.  GRAIN  SCREENINGS 45 

24.  WHEAT  BRAN 46 

25.  WHEAT  MIDDLINGS 48 

26.  RED  DOG  FLOUR 50 

27.  BUCKWHEAT  FEED 51 

28.  To  DETERMINE  PER  CENT  OF  HULLS  IN  BUCKWHEAT  FEED  AND  IN  RICE  FEEDS  52 

29.  GLUTEN  FEED 53 

30.  DRIED  BEET  PULP 54 

31.  TEST  OF  WATER  ABSORPTION  BY  DRIED  BEET  PULP 55 

32.  DRIED  BREWERS'  GRAINS 56 

33.  DRIED  DISTILLERS'  GRAINS 58 

34.  LINSEED  MEAL .' . . .  60 

35.  THE  SWELLING  TEST  FOR  LINSEED  MEAL • 62 

36.  COTTONSEED  MEAL.  .                                                                             63 


CONTENTS 

37.  TEST  FOR  IMPURITIES  IN  COTTONSEED  MEAL 65 

38.  COCONUT  MEAL 66 

39.  TANKAGE 67 

40.  MIXED  DAIRY  FEEDS,  MISCELLANEOUS  FEEDS,  ETC 68 

41.  CONDIMENTAL  STOCK  FEEDS 74 

42.  THE  FEED-UNIT  SYSTEM 75 

43.  COMPARISONS  OP  RELATIVE  ECONOMY  OF  FEEDING  STUFFS 77 

44.  COMPARATIVE  MANURIAL  VALUES  OF  FEEDS 79 

45.  A  STUDY  OF  FARM  FERTILITY '. 81 

B.  RATIONS  FOR  FARM  ANIMALS: 

EXERCISE  PAGE 

46.  PROBLEMS  IN  CALF  RAISING 82 

47.  THE  WOLFF-LEHMANN  STANDARD  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 84 

48.  THE  ARMSBY  STANDARD  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 86 

49.  THE  HAECKER  STANDARD  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 88 

50.  A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 89 

51-55.  FORMULATING  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 90 

56.  CRITICISMS  OF  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 98 

57.  RATIONS  FOR  Cows  ON  OFFICIAL  TESTS 100 

58-59.  RELATIVE  ECONOMY  OF  DAIRY  FEEDS 101 

60.  A  STUDY  OF  HERD  MANAGEMENT 105 

61.  FEEDING  DIFFERENT-SIZED  DAIRY  HERDS 107 

62.  SOILING  CROPS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 108 

63.  VALUE  OF  ALFALFA  PASTURE 110 

64.  COMPARISON  OF  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 112 

65-66.  RATIONS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 113 

67.  PROBLEMS  IN  STEER  FEEDING 115 

68-71.  A  STUDY  -OF  RATIONS  FOR  HORSES 117 

72.  RATIONS  FOR  COLTS,  MARES  AND  WORK  HORSES 123 

73.  A  PROBLEM  IN  HORSE  RAISING 125 

74-75.  RATIONS  FOR  FATTENING  PIGS 126 

76.  FEEDING  MARKET  PIGS 128 

77.  A  RATION  FOR  BROOD  Sows  WITH  LITTERS 129 

78.  A  PROBLEM  IN  PIG  FEEDING 130 

79.  A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  GROWING  SHEEP 131 

80.  RATIONS  FOR  FATTENING  LAMBS 132 

81.  A  STUDY  OF  POULTRY  FEEDS. 133 

82.  A  STUDY  OF  POULTRY  RATIONS 134 

DIGESTION  COEFFICIENTS  OF  COMMON  FEEDING  STUFFS 136 

LIST  OF  APPARATUS  FOR  MAKING  TESTS  FOR  IMPURITIES  IN  FEEDS.  .  .   137 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  Manual  is  divided  into  two  parts: 

I.  Exercises  relating  to  the  value  of  common  feeding  stuffs  used  by 
American  stockmen,  their  chemical  composition  and  digestibility,  methods  of 
preparation,  examination  for  purity,  relative  feeding  values,  etc. 

II.  Exercises  illustrating  calculations  of  rations  for  farm  animals,  the 
right  and  wrong  uses  of  the  various  feeds  for  feeding  cattle,  horses,  sheep, 
swine,  and  poultry,  and  general  problems  connected  with  the  feeding  of  farm 
stock. 

The  plan  of  the  exercises  follows  in  general  that  of  the  author's  "Pro- 
ductive Feeding  of  Farm  Animals";  references  in  the  case  of  individual  exer- 
cises are  given  to  the  chapters  in  which  the  necessary  information  may  be 
found.  In  many  cases,  references  given  under  the  literature  of  the  subject 
at  the  close  of  each  chapter  or  hi  footnotes  must  be  consulted.  A  number  of 
tests  for  common  impurities  and  adulterations  of  feeding  stuffs  are  included 
in  the  exercises.  These  call  for  some  simple  inexpensive  apparatus,  a  list  of 
which  is  given  at  the  back  of  the  book.  A  standard  collection  of  weed  seeds 
will  be  found  very  useful  in  identifying  weed  seeds  in  mixed  feeds,  grain 
screenings,  etc. 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  FILLING  OUT  FEED  BLANKS 

Origin. — Give  name  of  locality  where  grown,  or  name  of  manufacturer 
or  feed  dealer;  in  the  case  of  by-products  and  manufactured  feeds,  also  source 
and  method  of  manufacture. 

Guarantees. — Copy  these  from  the  sack  or  package  in  which  the  feed  is 
sold. 

Quality. — Factors  having  a  bearing  on  the  quality  of  the  feed  are  given 
here :  proportionate  parts  of  coarse  and  fine  materials,  leaves  or  stems,  flavor, 
freedom  from  mustiness  or  molds. 

Value  for  Feeding  Farm  Animals. — Designate  by  a  word  or  two,  giving 
important  detailed  information  of  the  value  for  special  animals  at  bottom 
of  page  under  General  Remarks,  or  on  back  of  page.  Information  as  to  the 
value  and  characteristic  properties  of  the  various  feeding  stuffs  will  be  found 
under  the  discussions  of  the  feeds,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapters  XII  to  XX, 
or  in  the  chapters  discussing  the  feeding  of  the  respective  farm  animals 
(Chapters  XXI  to  XXVI). 

Chemical  Composition. — Average  composition:  copy  from  Productive 
Feeding,  Appendix  Table  I. 

Digestion  Coefficients. — Copy  from  the  Table  near  the  back  of  this  Manual. 

Per  Cent  Digestible  Components. — Obtained  by  multiplying  the  per  cent 
of  the  various  components  by  the  respective  digestion  coefficients  given.  Dif- 
ferences between  the  percentages  of  digestible  components  thus  obtained  and 
the  corresponding  figures  in  the  last  two  columns  of  Productive  Feeding, 
Appendix  Table  I,  that  may  occur,  are  of  minor  importance,  in  view  of  the 
natural  variations  in  the  digestibility  of  the  same  feeds. 

Carbohydrates. — Include  nitrogen-free  extract  and  fiber. 

Digestible  Carbohydrates  and  Fat. — Equal  the  sum  of  digestible  carbo- 
hydrates and  digestible  fat,  multiplied  by  2.25. 

Total  Digestible  Matter. — Equals  digestible  protein  -f-  digestible  carbo- 
hydrates +  digestible  fat  X  2.25. 

Cost  Per  Ton  and  Per  Pound. — Give  retail  price  at  feed  store  or  as  billed. 

Weight  Per  Sack  or  Per  Quart. — Determine  the  latter  by  weighing,  if 
practicable;  if  not,  use  Appendix  Table  VI  in  Productive  Feeding;  for  legal 
weights  of  grain,  seeds,  etc.,  see  the  author's  "Handbook  for  Farmers  and 
Dairymen,"  6th  Edition,  page  400. 

General  Remarks. — Give  general  importance  as  a  stock  feed,  special  value 
or  limitations  as  a  feed  for  any  class  of  farm  animals,  points  affecting  the  value 
of  the  feed  one  way  or  the  other,  palatability,  flavor,  content  of  certain 
aromatic  or  bitter  principles,  effect  on  bowels,  etc. 

11 


A.     FEEDING  STUFFS 
EXERCISE  1.    GREEN  ALFALFA 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XII) 

Origin 

Kinds  and  per  cent  of  weeds  present 


Stage  of  maturity. . .  . 
Quality  of  green  feed . 
Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Green  Alfalfa 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cerft 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter        

Protein  

Fat  

• 

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1: 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  100 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  matter.  . 


13 


EXERCISE  1    (Continued) 
General  Remarks: 


14- ,. 


EXERCISE  2.    A  STUDY  OF  DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  HAY 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XII) 

Examine  a  sample  of  such  of  the  following  kinds  of  hay  as  are  available: 
Timothy  hay,  mixed  timothy  and  clover,  red  clover  hay,  alfalfa  hay,  hay  from 
mixed  grasses,  grain  hay,  prairie  hay,  etc. 

Determine  the  per  cent,  of  different  grasses  or  legumes  hi  each,  foreign 
materials,  weeds,  color,  freedom  from  molds  or  rust,  etc.  Grade  the  hay  ac- 
cording to  the  commercial  grades  adopted  by  the  National  Hay  Association1. 

Give  the  various  conditions  affecting  the  value  of  market  hay. 


1  Farmers'  Bulletin  508;  Woll,  Handbook  for  Farmers  and  Dairymen,  6th  Edition, 
p.406a, 

Xo 


EXERCISE  3.    TIMOTHY  HAY 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XII) 

Origin 

Is  it  pure? 

If  not,  state  character  and  amount  of  impurities "... 


Identify  weeds  if  present . 

Quality  of  hay 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Timothy  Hay 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Drv  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash.  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

• 

1- 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  100  Ibs. 


Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  matter. 
16 


EXERCISE  3    (Continued) 
General  Remarks: 


17 


EXERCISE  4.    MEADOW  HAY 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding;  Chapter  XII) 


Predominating  gr 
Is  it  pure'*' 

asses                     

If  not,  state  chars 

icter  and  amount  of  impurities  

Identify  weeds  if  ] 
Quality  of  hay.  .  . 

jresent  

Value  for  feeding: 

Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle                         Horses                              Swine                               Sheep 

- 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Meadow  Hay 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

• 

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1: 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  100  Ibs. 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  matter.  . .  . . 
18 


EXERCISE  4    (Continued) 
General  Remarks: 


EXERCISE  5.    CLOVER  HAY 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XII) 

Origin 

Variety  of  clover  (red,  mammoth,  alsike,  medium,  etc.) 


Quality  (leafy,  stemmy,  medium) 

Stage  of  maturity  when  cut 

Kinds  and  per  cent  of  weeds  present . 
Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Clover  Hay- 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

|j 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  100  Ibs. 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients .  .  . 
20 


EXERCISE  5  (Continued) 
General  Remarks: 


21 


EXERCISE  6.    To  CALCULATE  THE  AMOUNT  OF  HAY  IN  A  Mow 

RULE:  Multiply  the  figures  representing  the  length  and  the  width  of 
the  mow  in  feet,  and  this  product  by  the  average  height  of  hay  in  the  mow. 
In  case  of  new  mixed  hay,  timothy  hay,  or  only  partly  filled  mows,  divide  the 
product  by  450.  If  old  and  well-packed  hay,  divide  by  400.  The  quotient 
will. give  the  approximate  number  of  tons  of  hay  in  the  mow.  • 

Problem  1 :  A  mow  40  x  36  feet  is  filled  24  feet  deep  with  newly  harvested 
hay, — how  many  tons  are  there  in  the  mow? 


Problem  2:  How  many  tons  of  hay  in  a  mow  36  x  52  feet,  filled  28  feet 
high  with  old,  well-packed  hay? 


22 


EXERCISE  7.    To  CALCULATE  THE  AMOUNT  OF  HAY  IN  A  STACK 

RULE:  Multiply  the  width  of  the  stack  in  feet  by  the  "over"  (i.  e.,  the 
distance  from  the  base  of  the  stack  on  one  side  over  the  top  to  the  base  on 
the  other),  divide  the  product  by  4,  and  multiply  the  quotient  by  the  length. 
This  gives  the  contents  of  the  stack  in  cubic  feet;  for  hay  that  has  stood  less 
than  30  days,  divide  by  512;  30  to  60  days,  by  422;  over  60  days,  by  380. 
The  quotient  gives  the  tonnage  of  the  stack. 

Example:  A  two-months  old  stack  is  30  feet  wide  by  40  feet  "over," 
and  75  feet  long.  How  many  tons  of  hay  does  it  contain? 


23 


EXERCISE  8.    OAT  STRAW 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XIII) 


Origin 


Is  it  clean,  bright,  and  free  from  mustiness? . 


Quality . 


Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows                   Beef  Cattle                         Horses                              Swine                               Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 

Oat  Straw 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

.... 



1: 

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton  per  100  Ibs.  Cor  bale  1-)  

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutri< 

jnts  

1  Give  dimensions  of  bale  in  case  of  baled  straw. 


24 


EXERCISE  8    (Continued) 
General  Remarks: 


25 


EXERCISE  9.    CORN  SILAGE 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XV) 


Origin 

Quality 

Is  there  any  moldy  or  decayed  silage  in  the  sample? . 


Flavor 

How  long  since  silo  was  rilled? How  long  since  sample  was  taken? . 

Maturity  of  corn  when  cut  for  the  silo , 

Approximate  proportion  of  grain  in  sample 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

• 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Corn  Silage 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

|j 

Total  digestible  matter  

26 


EXERCISE  9  (Continued) 

Estimated  cost  per  ton per  100  Ibs 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients 

General  Remarks: 


27 


EXERCISE  10.    To  CALCULATE  THE  AMOUNT  OF  SILAGE  IN  SILOS 

Calculate  the  content  of  the  silo  in  cubic  feet,  and  divide  by  50.  The 
quotient  will  give  the  number  of  tons  of  silage  in  the  silo.  The  figure  50  is 
obtained  by  dividing  2000  by  40,  the  average  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  Indian 
corn  silage.  In  the  case  of  a  cylindrical  silo,  the  cubical  content  is  obtained 
by  multiplying  the  square  of  the  radius  (one-half  the  diameter)  by  the  height, 
and  the  product  by  3.14. 

The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  silage  in  the  lower  half  of  the  silo,  for  silage 
made  from  nearly  matured  Indian  corn,  or  from  legumes  at  beginning  bloom, 
may  be  estimated  at  50  pounds,  on  the  average,  and  that  in  the  upper  half 
at  35  pounds.  In  case  of  non-saccharine  sorghums,  milo,  kafir,  etc.,  small 
grains,  alfalfa  or  clover  somewhat  wilted  or  cut  at  a  rather  advanced  stage 
of  maturity,  twenty-five  per  cent  may  be  deducted  from  the  estimated  capa- 
city thus  obtained. 

Example  :  How  many  tons  of  silage  will  a  silo  hold,  18  feet  in  diameter, 
36  feet  high,  if  filled  with  Indian  corn  cut  with  kernels  in  the  roasting  stage? 


Example  2:  How  many  tons  of  Indian  corn  silage  are  -left  in  the  lower 
half  of  a  36-foot  silo,  16  feet  in  diameter?    How  many  tons  of  milo  silage? 


28 


EXERCISE  11.    THE  SILO  ON  THE  STOCK  FARM 

Explain  the  relation  between  the  feeding  surface  of  silage  (the  diameter 
of  the  silo)  and  the  size  of  the  dairy  herd  to  be  fed. 

What  are  the  outside  limits  for  the  diameter  of  silos  adapted  to  practical 
farm  conditions? 


Example  1 :  How  large  should  a  silo  be  built,  and  how  large  a  field  should 
be  planted  to  Indian  corn,  for  supplying  a  herd  of  25  cows,  to  be  fed  30  pounds 
of  silage  per  head  daily  for  a  period  of  150  days? 


Example  2:  How  long  will  the  silage  last  in  a  completely  filled  silo,  16 
feet  in  diameter,  36  feet  high,  when  fed  at  the  rate  of  28  pounds  per  head 
daily  to  a  herd  of  35  dairy  cows? 


29 


EXERCISE  11   (Continued) 

Example  8:  How  can  a  silo  be  filled  twice  during  the  year  with  crops 
grown  on  the  same  land  (applies  to  the  southern  and  southwestern  states 
mainly)?  Mention  silage  crops  to  be  grown;  give  approximate  time  of  sow- 
ing or  planting,  and  cutting  the  crop  for  the  silo,  and  feeding  the  silage,  in 
case  of  both  crops. 


Example  4'-  Corn  silage  in  a  16-foot  silo  filled  35  feet  deep  will  be  fed 
to  a  herd  of  28  milch  cows,  to  12  steers  and  to  150  sheep  at  the  rate  of,  re- 
spectively, 35,  24,  and  3  pounds  per  head  daily.  How  long  will  the  silage  last? 


30 


EXERCISE  12.    A  STUDY  OF  MARKET  PRICES  OF  FEEDING  STUFFS 

Compute  the  weekly  market  quotations  of  the  feeds  given  in  the  folio w- 
ing  list  from  one  of  the  main  agricultural  papers  of  the  state,  preferably  for 
a  period  of  several  years.  Several  feeds  may  be  assigned  to  each  student  in 
order  that  a  longer  period  may  be  compared  and  the  figures  obtained  may  have 
general  value.  Where  no  market  quotations  are  available,  the  cost 'given  in 
the  feed  bulletins  of  the  various  experiment  stations  or  the  feed  inspection 
bureaus  may  be  used.  In  the  case  of  feeds  where  no  market  quotations  or 
prices  are  available,  the  figures  for  local  prices  to  be  adopted  should  be  -decided 
after  careful  consideration  and  discussion  in  the  class : 

Roughage 
Timothy  hay 
Mixed  timothy  and  clover 
Red  clover  hay 
Alfalfa  hay 

Hay  from  mixed  grasses  (meadow  hay) 
Grain  hay 
Prairie  hay 
Pea-vine  hay 
Pasture 
Green  sorghum 
Corn  stover 
Oat  straw 
Corn  silage 
Alfalfa  silage 
Mangels 
Sugar  beets 


31 


EXERCISE  12  (Continued) 
Concentrates 


Indian  corn 

Corn-and-cob  meal 

Oats 

Barley 

Wheat 

Milo 

Wheat  bran 

Wheat  middlings 

Red  dog  flour 

Hominy  feed 

Gluten  feed 

Buckwheat  middlings 

Buckwheat  feed 

Dried  brewers'  grains 

Malt  sprouts 

Dried  distillers'  grains 

Linseed  meal 

Cottonseed  meal 

Cottonseed  hulls 

Coconut  meal 

Dried  beet  pulp 

Molasses  beet  pulp 

Molasses 

Skim  milk 

Whole  milk 

Tankage 


32 


EXERCISE  13.    PRELIMINARY  STUDY  OF  CONCENTRATED  FEEDS 

1.  Give  a  list  of  six  common  stock  feeds  in  your  state  that  are  chiefly  val- 
uable on  account  of  their  protein  contents ;  likewise  a  list  of  six  feeding  stuffs 
that  are  classed  as  carbohydrate  or  starchy  feeds,  of  six  that  are  especially 
high  in  fat  (oil),  and  of  six  that  are  especially  high  in  fiber. 


High-protein  Feeds 


Carbohydrate  Feeds 


1  

1  

2  

2  

3     

3  

4  

4  •. 

5  

5  

6                                     

6  

Feeds  High  in  Fat 
1  

Feeds  High  in  Fiber 
1  

2          

2  

3  

3  

4        

4  

5                        

5  

6.. 

6.. 

33 


EXERCISE  13  (Continued) 

2.  Obtain  samples  weighing  about  a  pound  each  of  as  many  concentrated 
feeds  as  can  be  found  in  the  local  feed  stores;  note  the  guarantees  on  the  sacks  in 
each  case  and  the  retail  cost  of  each  feed  per  ton  and  per  100  pounds ;  tabulate 
the  figures  either  in  the  note  book  or  on  the  blackboard  and  make  "comparisons 
between  the  cost  and  the  digestible  components,  energy  and  feed-unit  values.1 
Place  the  feeds  in  the  order  of  increasing  cost,  according  to  the  three  methods 
of  comparison,  and  discuss  the  results  obtained  (Productive  Feeding,  Chap- 
ter X). 


1  Productive  Feeding,  Tables  I,  III,  IV  in  Appendix. 
34 


EXERCISE  14.    TESTS  FOR  ADULTERATIONS  OF  CONCENTRATES 

Examination  for  impurities:  Separate  samples  of  100  grams  of  the  feed 
into  three  portions, — coarse,  medium  and  fine,  by  means  of  two  sieves,  20- 
and  80-mesh  (or  into  two  portions  by  means  of  50-mesh  sieve).  Examine 
carefully  each  part  for  foreign  matter:  hulls  (oats,  rice,  barley,  buckwheat), 
grain  screenings,  whole  weed  seeds,  elevator  or  mill  sweepings,  ground  corn 
cobs,  sawdust,  ground  stone  pits  (olive,  brazil  nuts),  ground  peanut  hulls, 
ground  coffee  hulls,  sand,  etc. 

Examination  for  moldiness:  5  grtims  of  the  ground  sample  are  mixed 
with  distilled  water,  poured  on  a  Petri  dish  (or  a  saucer)  and  kept  at  80  to  100 
degrees  F.  for  24  hours  or  more.  Examine  for  colonies  of  molds  or  bacteria 
with  a  magnifier  and  compare  these  with  those  found  in  the  case  of  similar 
feeds  of  known  purity. 

Weed  seeds  in  concentrates:  Separate  and  count  the  weed  seeds  in  (a)  10 
grams  and  (b)  20  grams  of  the  thoroughly  mixed  feed  sample  and  calculate 
the  average  of  the  two.  Determine  their  number  in  one  pound  and  one  ton 
of  the  feed  (one  pound  Avoirdupois  equals  453  grams). 

Identify  as  many  of  the  weed  seeds  as  possible  by  comparison  with  a 
standard  collection  of  weed  seeds,  and  give  the  number  of  noxious  weeds  in 
the  sample.  (A  collection  of  200  economic  seeds  is  prepared  for  schools  by 
the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture). 

Sand  and  mineral  impurities:  Place  a  tablespoonful  of  the  feed  in  a  tum- 
bler, fill  this  three-fourths  full  with  water,  stir  vigorously  and  pour  off  care- 
fully the  turbid  liquid;  repeat  this  until  the  top  liquid  is  clear.  The  sedi- 
ment will  consist  of  sand,  calcium  carbonate,  gypsum,  or  other  mineral  im- 
purities, most  of  which  may  be  readily  identified.  The  per  cent  present  may 
be  determined  approximately  by  drying  and  weighing  the  sediment,  pro- 
vided a  definite  amount  of  feed  was  weighed  out,  e.  g.,  20  grams. 


35 


EXERCISE  15.    INDIAN  CORN  (CORN  MEAL1) 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVI) 

Origin '. 

Race  and  variety 

Quality  (hard  or  soft,  plump  or  shrunken,  dry  or  damp,  etc.) 

Impurities 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Indian  Corn 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein                  .        

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1; 

Total  digestible  matter  

1  If  corn  meal,  separate  50  grams  of  the  sample  in  two  portions  by  means  of  a  50-mesh 
sieve.  Weigh  each  portion  and  calculate  per  cent  of  fine-  and  coarse-ground.  Also  examine 
for  odor,  moldiness  or  mustiness. 


36 


EXERCISE  15    (Continued) 

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients 

Weight  of  1  bushel 1  quart 

General  Remarks: 


37 


EXERCISE  16.    CORN-AND-COB  MEAL 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.      (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein :Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Purity 

Identify  weed  seeds,  if  present 

Quality 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Sheep 


Corn  and  Cob  Meal 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1  . 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib. . 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients. 
General  Remarks: 


38 


EXERCISE  17.  To  MEASURE  CORN  IN  CRIBS 

When  the  crib  is  equilateral:  Multiply  the  length  by  the  breadth,  and  that 
again  by  the  height,  all  expressed  in  inches,  and  divide  the  product  by  2748 
(the  number  of  cubic  inches  in  a  heaped  bushel);  the  quotient  will  be  the 
number  of  bushels  of  ears.  Two-thirds  of  the  quotient  will  represent  the 
number  of  bushels  of  shelled  corn. 

Example:  Find  the  number  of  bushels  of  shelled  corn  contained  in  a  crib 
12  feet  long  by  6  feet  wide  and  8  feet  high,  filled  with  ear  corn. 


When  the  crib  is  flared  at  the  sides:  Multiply  half  the  sum  of  the  top  and 
bottom  width  by  the  perpendicular  height,  all  expressed  in  inches,  and  that 
again  by  the  length  in  inches,  and  divide  the  product  by  2748;  the  quotient 
will  be  the  number  of  heaped  bushels  of  ears.  Two-thirds  of  the  quotient 
will  represent  the  number  of  bushels  of  shelled  corn. 

39 


EXERCISE  18.    OATS 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.      (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVI) 

Origin .. 

Quality  (well  cleaned,  heavy  or  light  oats,  clipped  or  bleached) 


Impurities 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 


Beef  Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 


Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Oats 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1- 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  pound  of  digestible  nutrients . . . 

Weight  of  1  bushel 1  quart . 

General  Remarks: 


40 


EXERCISE  19.    To  DETERMINE  PER  CENT  OF  HULLS  IN  OATS 

Weigh  out  and  examine  carefully  two  lots  of  100  oat  kernels  from  a  well- 
mixed  sample  of  oats,  and  record  the  weights  below.  Separate  the  hulls  of 
the  kernels  in  each  lot  by  means  of  a  scalpel  or  penknife,  and  weigh  them 
carefully;  also  any  impurities  that  may  be  present.  Calculate  the  percentage 
of  this  weight  to  that  of  the  whole  oats. 


Weight  of  Oats 

Weight  of  Hulls 

Per  cent  Hulls 

Sample  1  

Sample  2  

• 

Average  

What  is  an  average  figure  for  per  cent   of  hulls  in  heavy,  medium,  and 
light  oats? 


41 


EXERCISE  20.    CORN  AND  OATS,  "GROUND  FEED" 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 


Purity 

Identify  weed  seeds  if  present 

Fineness  of  feed  (per  cent  passing  through  a  50-mesh  sieve) 

Odor  (fresh,  damp,  musty) 

Quality t 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Corn  and  Oats 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients1 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1- 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib. 

Cost  per  Ib.  digestible  nutrients . 
General  Remarks: 


1  Assuming  "Ground  Feed"  was  composed  of  equal  parts,  by  weight,  of  corn  and  oats. 
42 


EXERCISE  21.    BARLEY 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Quality  (well  cleaned,  plump,  bright,  freedom  from  other  grains) 

Mechanical  condition  (whole,  ground,  rolled) 

Impurities 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Barley 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

• 

Carbohydrates                .    ... 

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1: 

Total  dieestible  matter.  .  . 

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients 

Weight  of  1  bushel 1  quart . 

General  Remarks: 


43 


EXERCISE  22.    MILO  MAIZE  (OR  OTHER  GRAIN  SORGHUMS) 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVI) 


Origin 

Strain  and  variety. 

Quality ; . 

Impurities 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Milo  Maize 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1- 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients 

Weight  of  1  bushel 1  quart . 

General  Remarks: 


44 


EXERCISE  23.     GRAIN  SCREENINGS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XVI) 

Weigh  out  two  portions  of  10  grams  each  and  separate  them  into  four 
different  parts  as  follows:  (1)  kernels  of  grains  or  other  economic  plants,  (2) 
weed  seeds,  (3)  chaff,  straw,  etc.,  and  (4)  dirt,  sand,  etc. 

Weigh  each  portion  separately  and  calculate  the  per  cent  in  the  screen- 
ings. Identify  as  many  of  the  different  weed  seeds  as  possible  by  comparison 
with  a  standard  seed  collection. 

Weigh  separately  the  weed  seeds  present  in  large  numbers  and  calculate 
the  per  cent  in  the  screenings. 

Identify  noxious  and  poisonous  weed  seeds  in  the  sample,  giving  the 
number  of  each,  and  calculate  the  number  in  one  pound  and  one  ton  of  the 
screenings. 

Composition  of  Grain  Screenings. 


10  Grams  Contained 

Sample  1 

Sample  2 

Average  Per 
Cent 

Weight 

Per  Cent 

Weight 

Per  Cent 

1.  Kernels  of  grains,  etc  

2.  Weed  seeds  

3   Chaff,  straw,  etc  

4.  Dirt  and  sand  

Noxious  Weeds  Present  in  10  Grams  of  Screenings 

Name 

Weight 

Per  Cent 

Number 

Number  in 

1  Pound 

1  Ton 

• 

45 


EXERCISE  24.    WHEAT  BRAN 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  fat Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Quality  (Roller  or  Country-mill,  freedom  from  mustiness  or  molds) 

Proportion  of  floury  material 

Impurities 

Number  of  whole  weed  seeds  in  10  grams 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

• 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Wheat  Bran 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1: 

Total  digestible  matter  .  .  . 

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  [nutrients .  . 
Weight  of  sacks 1  quart . 

46 


EXERCISE  24     (Continued) 
General  Remarks: 


47 


EXERCISE  25.    WHEAT  MIDDLINGS 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XV) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Kind  of  middlings  (flour,  standard  or  shorts) 

Quality  (proportion  of  flour,  freedom  from  mustiness  or  molds) 

Are  ground  screenings  or  whole  weed  seeds  found  in  sample? 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Wheat  Middlings 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein                  

Fat           

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib. : 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients 

Weight  per  sack per  quart . 


48 


EXERCISE  25    (Continued) 

General  Remarks: 


49 


EXERCISE  26.  RED  DOG  FLOUR 

Fill  out  the  .blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XV^ 


Guarantees  : 
Quality  .... 

Per  cent  protein  Per  cej 

it  fat  Per  cent  fiber  (max.)  

Impurities 

Value  for  feeding  : 

Dairy  Cows                   Beef  Cattle                       H.. 

rses                            Swine                             Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Red  Dog  Flour 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

|; 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients 

Weight  per  sack per  quart . 

General  Remarks: 


50 


EXERCISE  27.    BUCKWHEAT  FEED 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 


Origin  

Guarantees  

Quality  

Per  cent  hulls 

floury  materials  J  ;  

Value  for  feeding: 

Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle                        Horses                           Swine                             Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 

Buckwheat  Feed 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

1: 

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  .... 

Ash  

Carbohydrates.  .  . 

Carbohydrates  an 
Total  digestible  m 

d  f  at  

atter  

Cost  per  ton , per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients 

Weight  per  sack 1  quart . 

General  Remarks: 


See  following  exercise. 


51 


EXERCISE  28.    A,  To  DETERMINE  PER  CENT  OF  HULLS  IN  BUCKWHEAT 

FEED 

Weigh  out  100  grams  of  the  thoroughly  mixed  sample  and  separate  it 
into  two  portions  by  means  of  a  50-mesh  sieve.  Weigh  each  portion,  repeat 
the  experiment  and  average  the  results.  Calculate  percentages  of  hulls  and 
middlings  present  in  the  sample. 


Sample  1. 

Sample  2 

Average 
Per  Cent 

Weight 

Per  Cent 

Weight 

Per  Cent 

Hulls  

• 

Total  . 

Middlings  

B,  TEST  FOR  RICE  HULLS 

Pure  rice  bran  and  rice  meal  contain  considerable  fat,  and  are  not  moist- 
ened if  placed  on  the  surface  of  water.  When  a  teaspoonful  of  a  sample  of 
rice  bran  or  rice  meal  adulterated  with  hulls  is  placed  on  the  surface  of  water 
in  a  tumbler  the  hulls  will  soon  sink  into  the  water.  Make  the  test  with  a 
sample  of  rice  bran  or  meal  of  known  purity  for  comparison. 


52 


EXERCISE  29.    GLUTEN  FEED 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  fat Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Quality 

Impurities 

Is  it  artificially  colored?  * 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows  Beef  Cattle 


Swine 


Sheep 


Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Gluten  Feed 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
(.Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

• 

• 
Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1: 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients 

Weight  of  sacks 1  quart . 

General  Remarks: 


If  so  stated  on  sacks;  may  be  determined  by  noting  the  color  of  the  water  extract. 

53 


EXERCISE  30.    DRIED  BEET  PULP 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XIII) 


Origin 

Is  it  plain  dried  beet  pulp  or  dried  molasses  beet  pulp? . 
Is  it  clean,  bright  and  free  from  mustiness,  or  lumpy?  . 
Color. . . 


Quality 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattie 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Beet  Pulp 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  :  

Fat  

Fiber  

• 

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  .    . 

1- 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  100  Ibs. 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients.  . . 

Weight  per  sack. per  quart .  . 

General  Remarks: 


54 


EXERCISE  31.     TEST  OF  WATER- ABSORPTION  BY  DRIED  BEET  PULP 

Weigh  out  10  grains  of  the  dried  pulp  and  place  in  a  beaker  with  100 
c.c.  of  water,  mix  well  by  stirring  with  a  glass  rod  or  spoon  and  cover  with  a 
watch  glass.  Leave  standing  until  the  following  day  or  at  least  6  to  8  hours. 
Pour  off  and  weigh  excess  of  water  and  figure  ratio  of  amount  of  water 
absorbed  to  weight  of  pulp. 

Repeat  experiment  with  a  sample  of  dried  molasses  beet  pulp. 


EXERCISE  32.    DRIED  BREWERS'  GRAINS 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees :  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Purity. - 

Cereal  grains  identified  in  sample 

Quality 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Dried  Brewers'  Grains 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

• 

1- 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  digestible  nutrients 

Weight  per  sack per  quart . 


36 


EXERCISE  32    (Continued) 

General  Remarks: 


57 


EXERCISE  33.    DRIED  DISTILLERS'  GRAINS 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Cereal  grains  identified  in  sample 

Purity 

Identify  weed  seeds  if  present 

Quality 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 

Dried  Distillers'  Grains 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash..  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1; 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients. . . 
Weight  per  sack per  quart . 

58 


EXERCISE  33    (Continued) 
General  Kemarks:  " 


59 


EXERCISE  34.    LINSEED  MEAL 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  "given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Is  it  old-process  or  new-process  meal?    (See  following  exercise) 

Quality 

Mechanical  condition  (fine-  or  coarse-ground,  pea  size,  etc.) 

Impurities  .  .• 

Value  of  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 


Beef  Cattle 


Horses 


Swine 


Sheep 


Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Linseed  Meal 

Average 

Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat....  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

• 

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1: 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  Ib .  . 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients . 


Weight  of  sacks 1  quart . 

60 


EXERCISE  34    (Continued) 
General  Remarks: 


61 


EXERCISE  35.    THE  SWELLING  TEST  FOR  LINSEED  MEAL 

Pulverize  a  small  amount  of  the  meal  and  place  a  level  teaspoonful  of 
it  in  a  tumbler;  add  10  teaspoonfuls  of  boiling  hot  water  to  the  meal.  Stir 
thoroughly  and  allow  to  settle.  Old-process  meal  will  remain  jelly-like  on 
standing,  while  the  new-process  meal  will  settle  in  the  course  of  an  hour  and 
leave  a  clear  yellowish  solution  on  top.  See  FIG.  38  in  Productive  Feeding. 

About  what  proportion  of  clear  water  is  left  on  top  in  case  of  each  sample? 


Test  for  starch:  Add  a  few  drops  of  iodine  solution  to  the  clear  liquid  in 
each  tumbler  and  note  the  color.  Is  starch  present  in  either  case? 

A  more  delicate  test  for  starch  may  be  made  by  placing  a  very  small 
amount  of  the  finely  pulverized  meal  on  a  slide,  mixing  it  with  a  couple  of 
drops  of  distilled  water,  and  adding  a  drop  of  iodine  solution.  Examine  under 
microscope  for  blue-colored  specks.  Starch  is  not  present  in  meal  made  from 
clean,  well-matured  flaxseed. 


62 


I 

EXERCISE  36.    COTTONSEED  MEAL 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.    (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVII) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Color .' 

Quality 

Impurities  (see  following  exercise) 

Is  it  fine  or  coarse-ground,  pea  or  nut  size,  etc? 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Cottonseed  Meal 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter        

Protein  .  .       

Fat                 

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1: 

Total  digestible  matter  

• 

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients  .  .  . 
Weight  of  sacks 1  quart . 


63 


EXERCISE  36  (Continued) 
General  Remarks: 


64 


EXERCISE  37.    TEST  FOR  IMPURITIES  IN  COTTONSEED  MEAL 

Place  a  teaspoonful  of  the  meal  in  a  tumbler  and  pour  over  it  1^  to  2  oz. 
of  hot  water.  Stir  the  mass  until  it  is  thoroughly  wet  and  all  the  particles 
are  floating.  Allow  it  to  subside  for  from  5  to  10  seconds  and  pour  off.  If  a 
large  amount  of  fine,  dark-brown  sediment  has  settled  in  this  time  (a  sediment 
noticeably  heavier  than  the  fine  mustard-yellow  meal  and  one  which  upon 
repeated  treatments  with  boiling  hot  water  keep  settling  out)  the  goods  are 
a  feed  meal,  i.  e,,  meal  containing  relatively  large  quantities  of  ground  hulls. 
All  meals  contain  small  quantities  of  hulls  and  show  dark  specks.  If,  however,, 
there  is  found  a  large  amount  of  this  residue,  one  which  persists  in  remaining 
after  several  washings  and  decantings,  it  is  surely  composed  of  hulls  and  the 
goods  are  a  feed  meal  or  an  adulterated  cottonseed  meal. 

The  results  of  the  test  are  very  striking  when  a  feed  meal  is  compared 
with  a  meal  of  known  purity,  which  is  similarly  tested  at  the  same  time  (Ver- 
mont station). 


Question  1:  How  many  pounds  of  cottonseed  meal,  hulls  and  oil  are  ob- 
tained, on  the  average,  from  a  ton  of  cottonseed  in  modern  mills? 


Question  2:   What  are  the  relative  values  of  cottonseed  meal  and  In- 
dian corn  for  feeding  farm  animals? 


65 


EXERCISE  38.    COCONUT  MEAL 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XVIII) 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Quality 

Flavor  (pure,  aromatic  or  rancid)  

Is  it  lumpy? 

Impurities 

Value  of  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Coconut  Meal 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter    

Protein  

Fat        

Fiber  

N-fiber  extract.  .  . 

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat.  .  .  .'•.  .  . 
Total  digestible  matter.  .    .    . 

1: 

Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  nutrients .  . . 

Weight  of  sacks 1  quart . 

General  Remarks: 


66 


EXERCISE  39.    TANKAGE 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.     (Reference,  Pro- 
ductive Feeding,  Chapter  XIX) 


Origin , 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  calcium  phosphate , 

Purity 

Quality 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Tankage 


Dry  matter 

Protein 

Fat 

Fiber 

N-free  extract 

Ash 

Carbohydrates 

Carbohydrates  and  fat . 
Total  digestible  matter. 


Average 
Composition. 


Digestion 
Coefficients 


Per  Cent 

Digestible 

Components 


Nutritive 
Ratio 


1: 


Cost  per  ton per  Ib 

Cost  per  Ib.  digestible  nutrients per  Ib.  digestible  protein. 

General  Remarks: 


67 


EXERCISE  40o.    NAME  OF  FEED. 


Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given.    (Mixed  dairy,  horse, 
or  swine  feeds,  calf  meals,  miscellaneous  feeds). 

Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Purity • 

Are  whole  weed  seeds  present? 

If  s«,  identify  the  main  kinds  and  determine  number  of  noxious  weeds  in  one  pound.  .  .  . 


Value  for  feeding: 

.Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle  •                       Horses                              Swine                               Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  .  .    .  . 

1: 

Protein  

Fat 

Fiber  

N-free  extract 

Ash  

Carbohydrates  . 

Carbohydrates  an 
Total  digestible  n 

d  fat  

latter  

Cost  per  ton  

per  100  Ibs. 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  die 

estible  matter.  . 

General  Remarks: 


68 


EXERCISE  406.    NAME  OF  FEED 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given. 

Origin '. 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat.  ......  .Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Purity 

Are  whole  weed  seeds  present? 

If  so,  identify  the  main  kinds  and  determine  number  of  noxious  weeds  in  one  pound . 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows                   Beef  Cattle                         Horses                              Swine                               Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 

Average 
Composition    . 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

T 

1: 

Protein     .   .             

Fat                       

Fiber        

N-free  extract 

Ash  

Carbohydrates     .            .... 

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton  per  100  Ibs     

Cost  ner  Ib.  of  digestible  matter  .  . 

General  Remarks: 


69 


EXERCISE  40c.    NAME  OF  FEED 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given. 


Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.). 

Purity 


Are  whole  weed  seeds  present? 

If  so,  identify  the  main  kinds  and  determine  number  of  noxious  weeds  in  one  pound 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

.      Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter             

Protein  

Fat             

Fiber  ;  

N-free  extract.  ... 

Ash..  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  .... 

1- 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  100  Ibs. . 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  matter 

General  Remarks: 


70 


EXERCISE  40d.    NAME  OF  FEED 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given. 


Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Purity 

Are  whole  weed  seeds  present? 

If  so,  identify  the  main  kinds  and  determine  number  of  noxious  weeds  in  one  pound. 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
.Coefficients  . 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber  

N-free  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates         .      .  . 

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1- 

Total  digestible  matter 

Cost  per  ton per  100  Ibs. 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  matter 

General  Remarks: 


71 


EXERCISE  40e.     NAME  OF  FEED 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given. 


Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max,) 

Purity 

Are  whole  weed  seeds  present? 

If  so,  identify  the  main  kinds  and  determine  number  of  noxious  weeds  in  one  pound . 


Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy   Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

1  Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 

Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  '.  

Fiber  

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates  

Carbohydrates  and  fat  

1: 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost'  per  ton per  100  Ibs. 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  matter 

General  Remarks: 


72 


EXERCISE  40/.     NAME  OF  FEED  . 

Fill  out  the  blank  spaces  below  for  the  feed  given. 


Origin 

Guarantees:  Per  cent  protein Per  cent  fat Per  cent  fiber  (max.) 

Purity : 

Are  whole  weed  seeds  present? ' 

If  so,  identify  the  main  kinds  and  determine  number  of  noxious  weeds  in  one  pound. 

Value  for  feeding: 


Dairy  Cows 

Beef  Cattle 

Horses 

Swine 

Sheep 

Chemical  Composition,  in  Per  Cent 


Average 
Composition 

Digestion 
Coefficients 

Per  Cent 
Digestible 
Components 

Nutritive 
Ratio 

Dry  matter  

Protein  

Fat  

Fiber          

- 

N-f  ree  extract  

Ash  

Carbohydrates     .... 

Carbohydrates  and  fat  . 

1- 

Total  digestible  matter  

Cost  per  ton per  100  Ibs. 

Cost  per  Ib.  of  digestible  matter 

General  Remarks: 


73 


EXERCISE  41.    CONDIMENTAL  STOCK  FEEDS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XX) 

Secure  a  few  samples  of  condimental  stock  feeds  and  try  to  identify  some 
of  their  ingredients. 

1.  What  kind  of  a  filler  do  they  contain?  Estimate  the  proportion  of 
stock  feed  made  up  by  the  filler. 


2.  Are  charcoal,  salt,  sulphur,  or  any  special  drug  or  drugs  to  be  dis- 
tinguished? 


3.  Compare  the  cost  of  a  pound  of  stock  feed  with  the  approximate  cost 
of  the  filler  and  other  ingredients  thereof,  in  so  far  as  these  have  been  identified. 


74 


EXERCISE  42.    THE  FEED-UNIT  SYSTEM 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  IX) 

1.  A  cow  freshened  December  12, 1913,  and  was  milked  until  February*4, 
1915.    During  this  time  she  produced  18459.2  pounds  milk  containing  667.79 
pounds  butter  fat,  and  consumed  the  following  amounts  of  feed: 

5,385  pounds  alfalfa  hay. 

4,423  pounds  corn  silage. 

640  pounds  mangels. 

7,111  pounds  green  alfalfa. 

1,760  pounds  green  barley. 

386  pounds  green  corn. 

1554.3  pounds  wheat  bran.     . 
1169.9  pounds  rolled  barley. 

927.8  pounds  rolled  oats. 

363.9  pounds  linseed  meal. 
455.7  pounds  coconut  meal. 

1420.4  pounds  dried  beet  pulp. 

Her  average  weight  during  this  time  was  14QO  pounds. 

"i 

2.  Another  cow  in  the  same  herd  freshened  February  6,  1914,  and  milked 
until  January  21,  1915.     During  this  time  she  produced  6058.9  pounds  milk 
containing  213.55  pounds  butter  fat;  her  feed  consumption  was  as  follows: 

5091  pounds  alfalfa  hay. 
2228  pounds  corn  silage. 

9495  pounds  green  alfalfa.  , 

"  1369  pounds  green  barley. 

571  pounds  bran. 

595  pounds  rolled  barley. 

373  pounds  rolled  oats.  ••» 

142  pounds  linseed  meal. 

222  pounds  coconut  oil  meal 

153  pounds  dried  beet  pulp. 
Her  average  weight  was  1450  pounds  during  this  time. 


75 


EXERCISE  42    (Continued) 


Figure  out  for  each' cow: 


1.  Cost  of  a  gallon  of  milkl 

J-at  current  feed  prices  

2.  Cost  of  a  pound  of  fat   J 

3.  Number  of  feed  units  eaten  by  each  cow 

4.  Number  of  feed  units  per  gallon  of  milk 

5.  Number  of  feed  units  per  pound  of  fat 

6.  Number  of  feed  units  required  for  each  cow,  according  to  the 

feed-unit  standard . . 


1st  cow 


2nd  cow 


76 


EXERCISE  43.     COMPARISONS  OF  RELATIVE  ECONOMY  OF  FEEDING  STUFFS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  X) 

Problem  1 :  Which  is  the  more  economical  brand  of  linseed  meal  to  buy, 
one  guaranteed  to  contain  32.5  per  cent  protein  and  8  per  cent  fat,  costing 
$36.50;  or  one  containing  35  per  cent  protein,  6  per  cent  fat,  costing  $40  per 
ton? 


Problem  2:  Which  is  the  more  economical  brand  of  wheat  bran  to  buy, 
one  guaranteed  to  contain  16.5  per  cent  protein  and  4.5  per  cent  fat,  cost- 
ing $26  a  ton,  or  one  containing  13  per  cent  protein,  4  per  cent  fat,  costing 
$23  a  ton. 


77 


EXERCISE  43    (Continued) 

Problem  3:  Which  is  the  cheaper  feed : 

(a)  Wheat  at  80c  a  bushel  or  wheat  bran  at  $24  a  ton? 

(b)  Shelled  corn  at  60c  a  ton  or  hominy  feed  at  $28  a  ton? 

(c)  Sugar  beets  at  $5  a  ton  or  dried  beet  pulp  at  $25  a  ton? 

(d)  Clover  hay  at  $15  a  ton,  timothy  hay  at  $14  a  ton,  or 
alfalfa  hay  at  $18  a  ton? 


Problem  4-  Cane  molasses  can  be  bought  at  15c  a  gallon  (12  pounds) 
and  Indian  corn  at  60c  a  bushel  (grinding  5c  per  cwt.) ;  how  much  digestible 
matter  is  furnished  for  a  dollar  in  either  case? 


EXERCISE  44.    COMPARATIVE  MANURIAL  VALUES  OF  FEEDS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XI,  and  Appendix  Table  V) 
1.  If  a  protein  feed  is  needed  to  balance  a  ration,  which  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing feeds  would  be  preferable,  considering  also  manurial  values:  Wheat 
bran  at  $24.50  a  ton,  dried  distillers'  grains  at  $29.75,  cottonseed  meal  at 
$35,  linseed  meal  at  $33,  and  tankage  (60  per  cent)  at  $50? 
Arrange  the  feeds  in  order  of 

(a)  Decreasing  manurial  values, 

(b)  Cost  of  digestible  protein, 

(c)  Cost  of  total  digestible  matter. 


Giving  equal  weight  to  (a)  and  (c),  which  would  be  the  order  of  preference 
(1)  when  dairy  cows  are  fed,  and  (2)  when  pigs  are  fed? 


79 


EXERCISE  44  (Continued) 

2.  Calculate  the  mammal  value  in  a  ton  each  of  the  following  feeds : 
wheat,  wheat  middlings,  buckwheat  middlings,  cottonseed  hulls,  and  red  dog  flour 
at  the  following  prices :  Nitrogen  20c  a  pound,  phosphoric  acid  and  potash 
each  5c  a  pound. 


3.  Is  it  advisable  from  the  view-point  of  soil  fertility  to  feed  Indian  corn 
worth  90c  a  bushel,  when  gluten  feed  can  be  bought  at  $25  a  ton? 


80 


EXERCISE  45.    A  STUDY  OF  FARM  FERTILITY 

1.  What  are  the  fertilizing  ingredients  in  the  manure  worth,  from  a  herd 
of  milch  cows  fed  the  following  amounts  of  feed  during  a  certain  period : 

540  Ibs.  oats 
620  Ibs.  Indian  corn 
210  Ibs.  linseed  meal  (O.  P.) 
4040  Ibs.  corn  silage 
2320  Ibs.  red  clover  hay, 

the  cost  of  the  fertilizer  elements  being :  nitrogen  18 c  per  pound,  phosphoric 
acid  4^c,  potash 


2.  (a)  How  much  fertility  would  be  sold  if  these  feeds  (except  linseed 
meal)  were  sold  off  the  farm;  (b)  how  much  when  the  milk  which  was  pro- 
duced (1^2  tons)  was  sold  for  direct  consumption,  and  (c)  how  much,  if  only 
the  butter  made  from  this  milk  (testing  3.9  per  cent)  was  sold,  the  skim  milk 
and  butter  milk  being  fed  on  the  farm? 

(a) 

(b) 

(c).. 


81 


B.  RATIONS  FOR  FARM  ANIMALS. 

EXERCISE  46.    PROBLEMS  IN  CALF  RAISING 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XXI) 

1.  Make  the  best  estimate  you  can  of  the  amounts  and  cost  of  the  feed 
consumed  by  a  calf  as  raised  by  good  dairymen  in  your  section:  (a)  up 
to  weaning;  (6)  to  the  end  of  the  first  year;  (c)  by  a  heifer  during  her  first 
two  years. 


82 


EXERCISE  46    (Continued) 

2.  Calculate  the  feed  cost  for  raising  a  calf  to  weaning,  at  current  market 
prices,  according  to  the  following  methods:  (a)  leaving  it  with  the  dam;  (6) 
feeding  whole  milk  for  4  weeks,  then  gradually  substituting  skim  milk  and 
feeding  hay  and  a  grain  mixture  composed  of  oats,  Indian  corn  (or  milo  maize), 
wheat  middlings  and  linseed  meal,  two  parts  of  the  first  three,  and  one  part  of 
linseed  meal ;  (c)  feeding  whole  milk  for  2  weeks  only  and  then  as  given  under  6. 


83 


EXERCISE  47.  THE  WOLFF-LEHMANN  STANDARD  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapters  VIII  and  XXII) 
What  are  the  digestible  nutrients  and  the  nutritive  ratios  of  the  three 
rations  given  below: 


Dig 

estible 

Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

N.  R. 

(a) 
30  Ibs  alfalfa  hay  

1: 

(b) 
20  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay  

- 

30  Ibs.  corn  silage  

(c) 
15  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay  

1: 

25  Ibs.  corn  silage  

5  Ibs.  barley  

1: 

84 


EXERCISE  47    (Continued) 

Give  the  amounts  of  dry  matter  and  digestible  nutrients  that  a  cow 
weighing  1000  pounds  and  producing  about  22  pounds  of  milk  should  receive 
in  her  daily  ration,  according  to  the  Wolff-Lehmann  Standard.  Discuss  in 
how  far  these  requirements  are  met  by  the  preceding  three  rations. 

The  Wolff-Lehmann  Standard 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

1000  Ib.  milch  cow  producing  22  Ibs. 
milk  daily  

t- 

1: 

Differences  between  standard  and  components  4n  preceding  rations: 


(a)  . 

(b) 

(c) 

85 


EXERCISE  48.    THE  ARMSBY  STANDARD  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

(Same  reference  as  for  preceding  Exercise) 

What  are  the  contents  of  digestible  true  protein  and  energy  in  the  three 
rations  given  in  the  preceding  exercise?  (Use  figures  in  Table  III,  Productive 
Feeding.) 


Digestible  Protein,  Pounds 

Energy  Values,  Therms 

(a) 
30  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay  

(b) 
20  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay  

« 

30  Ibs.  corn  silage  

• 

(c) 
15  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay  

25  Ibs.  corn  silage  

5  Ibs.  barley  

86 


EXERCISE  48    (Continued) 

Give  amounts  of  digestible  protein  and  energy  called  for  by  the  Armsby 
Standard  for  dairy  cows  under  similar  conditions  as  suggested  in  Exercise  47. 

Discuss  in  how  far  these  requirements  are  met  by  the  preceding  three 
rations. 

The  Armsby  Standard 


Digestible  Protein,  Pounds  Energy  Values,  Therms 


1000  Ibs.  milch  cow 
maintenance . . 


22  Ibs.  milk . 
Total.. 


Differences  between  standard  and  components  in  preceding  three  rations. 


(b).. 
(c). 


87 


EXERCISE  49.    THE  HAECKER  STANDARD  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XXII) 

A  1200-pound  cow  producing  28  pounds  of  4  per  cent  milk  daily,  receives 
the  following  daily  ration: 

20  pounds  mixed  clover  and  timothy  hay,  34  pounds  corn  silage,  8  pounds 
of  a  mixture  of  corn  meal,  oats,  dried  distillers'  grains  (equal  parts  by  weight) 
and  one  part  each  of  linseed  meal  and  gluten  feed.  How  much  total  dry  matter 
and  digestible  matter  does  the  ration  supply,  and  how  does  it  compare  with 
the  Haecker  Standard  for  dairy  cows? 

Suggest  a  modification  that  may  seem  desirable  and  show  how  it  will  affect 
the  content  of  nutrients  in  the  ration. 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

20  Ibs.  mixed  clover  and  timothy  .  .  . 
34  Ibs  corn  'silage           

corn  meal  

oats  

distillers'  grains  

linseed  meal  

gluten  feed  

Total  

1: 

The  Haecker  Standard 
28  Ibs.  milk,  4  per  cent  

Maintenance,  1200  Ib.  cow  

Difference  

1: 

88 


EXERCISE  50.    A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

A  herd  of  milch  cows,  weighing  on  the  average  about  1100  pounds,  are 
each  fed  10  pounds  corn  stover,  24  pounds  corn  silage,  and  4  pounds  corn  meal 
per  head  daily,  yielding  on  this  feed  with  blue-grass  pasture  in  summer,  an 
average  of  175  pounds  of  butter  fat  for  the  year.  Suggest  a  change  in  the 
system  of  feeding  which  will  bring  the  ration  closer  to  the  standard  and 
increase  the  production  of  the  cows.  Calculate  the  cost  per  100  pounds  of 
milk  and  one  pound  butter  fat,  assuming  that  the  herd  milk  tested  4.2  per  cent 
for  fat. 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

10  Ibs.  corn  stover  .  .  ;  

24  Ibs.  corn  silage  

4  Ibs  corn  meal     

The    Wolff-Lehmann   Standard    (es- 
timated daily  production,    Ibs. 

1: 
1: 

milk)  

Ration  as  given  above.        

Suggested  (feed  added,)  Ibs. 

1: 

Discuss  variation  from  standard,  and  suggest  further  improvement  in 
the  composition  of  the  ration. 


EXERCISE    51.  FORMULATING  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows1 

1.  Make  up  a  ration  from  the  following  feeds  for  a  dairy  cow  weighing 
1150  pounds  and  yielding  25.4  pounds  milk  a  day: 

Corn  silage,  mixed  clover  and  timothy  hay,  gluten  feed  and  wheat  bran. 

Compare  with  feeding  standards  and  calculate  cost  per  day  at  current 
market  prices  and  feed  cost  per  100  pounds  of  milk  and  per  pound  of  butter  fat, 
assuming  the  fat  content  of  the  milk  to  be  3.  8  per  cent. 


2.  Make  up  a  ration  from  the  following  feeds  for  a  dairy  cow  weighing 
925  pounds  and  yielding  16.3  pounds  milk  (4.9  per  cent  fat) : 

Clover  hay  (limited  supply),  corn  silage,  corn  meal,  wheat  middlings  and 
linseed  meal  (O.  P.).  Calculate  cost  of  ration  and  average  cost  of  milk  and 
butter  fat  as  under  No.  1. 


1  Study  carefully  points  to  be  considered  in  formulating  rations,  in  Productive  Feeding, 
close  of  Chapter  VIII,  before  writing  this  and  similar  exercises  given  in  the  Manual.  In 
this  and  the  following  ration  exercises  draw  forms  similar  to  that  used  in  Exercise  50. 


90 


EXERCISE  51    (Continued) 

3.  If  mixed  hay,  corn  stalks,  ground  oats  and  corn  meal  are  available 
and  represent  the  cheapest  feeds  on  the  market,  what  proportion  of  each  had 
better  be  fed  to  a  dairy  herd;  suggest  an  improvement  in  the  ration  by  pur- 
chasing a  small  amount  of  some  feed  that  will  tend  to  balance  the  ration  at  a 
minimum  cost,  according  to  local  market  prices. 


91 


EXERCISE  52.    FORMULATING  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

1.  Formulate  a  ration  for  the  dairy  herd  made  up  of  home-grown  feeds 
only.  Show  how  it  may  be  modified  by  the  purchase  of  a  commercial  feeding 
stuff;  (a)  with  regard  to  nutritive  effect  only,  (b)  with  regard  to  both  cost 
and  nutritive  effect. 


2.  Five  tons  of  alfalfa  hay  and  4  tons  beets  (mangels)  make  a  sufficient 
amount  of  feed  for  a  cow  producing  300  pounds  of  butter  fat  in  a  year.  Cal- 
culate the  average  daily  ration,  and  compare  with  the  Wolff-Lehmann  and 
Armsby  standards.  Suggest  a  modification  of  the  ration  that  you  may  con- 
sider will  tend  to  increase  its  efficiency. 


92 


EXERCISE  53.  FORMULATING  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

1.  What  improvement  can  you  suggest  in  a  ration  for  a  dairy  cow  that 
is  receiving  alfalfa  hay  and  wheat  bran  only?  How  much  of  these  two  feeds 
should  a  1200-pound  cow  receive  when  yielding  23  pounds  of  milk  (3.  8  per  cent 
fat)? 


2.  Make  up  a  balanced  ration  for  a  dairy  cow  (weight  1150  pounds,  pro- 
ducing 36.5  pounds  of  3.5  per  cent  milk),  from  the  following  feeds: 

(a)  Clover  hay  and  corn-and-cob  meal. 

(b)  Corn  fodder,  corn  meal,  wheat  bran  and  cottonseed  meal. 

(c)  Pea-vine  hay,  cottonseed  meal,  cottonseed  hulls. 

(d)  Alfalfa  hay,  corn  silage,  milo,  barley 


93 


EXERCISE  54.  FORMULATING  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

Formulate  a  balanced  ration  for  a  1000-pound  milch  cow  from  the  two 
feeds,  oat  straw  and  linseed  meal,  according  to  the  Wolff-Lehmann  Standard. 
Will  this  make  an  effective  practical  ration? — if  not,  give  reasons  why.  Intro- 
duce one  or  two  other  feeds  that  will  make  up  a  desirable  ration  to  feed  good 
dairy  cows. 


EXERCISE  54    (Continued) 

2.  The  following  grain  mixture  is  fed  in  a  dairy  herd :  200  pounds  corn- 
and-cob  meal,  100  pounds  each  of  wheat  bran  and  ground  oats,  and  50  pounds 
linseed  meal. 

Calculate  the  digestible  components,  nutritive  ratio  and  weight  per  quart 
of  this  mixture. 

How  many  pounds  should  be  fed  with  a  good  quality  of  mixed  hay,  when 
fed  to  cows  producing  25  pounds  of  3.6  per  cent  milk? 

How  much  mixed  hay,  and  how  much  hay  and  corn  silage,  should  the  cows 
receive  with  the  grain  mixture  to  make  a  balanced  ration?  What  modifica- 
tion in  the  grain  mixture  would  you  recommend,  if  clover  hay  were  the  only 
available  roughage? 


95 


EXERCISE  55.    FORMULATING  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

1.  A  cow  consumed  the  following  amounts  of  feed  during  one  year:  1000 
pounds  of  mixed  hay,  100  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  6000  pounds  corn  silage,  600 
pounds  of  soiling  crops  (green  sorghum),  600  pounds  each  of  wheat  bran  and 
corn  meal,  80  pounds  of  linseed  meal,  and  365  pounds  distillers'  grains.  She 
was  on  limited  pasture  150  days.  Her  production  for  the  year  was  7 180  pounds 
milk  and  306  pounds  butter  fat;  average  body  weight  1040  pounds. 

Calculate  total  feed  units  eaten,  estimating  one  pasture  day  equal  to  8 
feed  units;  also  average  feed  units  per  day,  feed  units  per  100  pounds  milk 
and  per  pound  butter  fat. 

Calculate  cost  of  ration  at  average  local  feed  prices;  also  feed  cost  per 
100  pounds  milk  and  per  pound  butter  fat. 


EXERCISE  55    (Continued) 

2.  A  dairy  herd  producing,  on  the  average,  6800  pounds  of  4  per  cent  milk 
per  head  annually,  receives  the  following  feed  during  the  year:  mixed  clover 
and  timothy  hay,  Indian  corn  silage,  corn  stover,  ground  corn  and  oats,  malt 
sprouts  and  linseed  meal,  in  amounts  that  enable  the  cows  to  maintain  a  high 
production  and  keep  in  good  body  condition.  Formulate  a  ration  that  will 
bring  this  about  at  a  minimum  feed  cost,  figuring  the  feeds  at  ordinary  market 
prices,  and  including  150  pasture  days,  for  which  a  charge  of  $1.50  a  month 
is  made.  Calculate  the  feed  cost  per  quart  of  milk  and  per  pound  of  butter 
fat,  under  the  system  of  feeding  recommended. 


97 


EXERCISE  56.    CRITICISMS  OF  RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

1.  What  criticisms  do  you  have  to  offer  of  the  following  rations  for  dairy 
cows: 

(a)  Corn  silage  30  pounds,  gluten  meal  4  pounds,  Indian  corn  3  pounds. 

(b)  Wheat  hay  20  pounds,  flour  middlings  5  pounds,  wheat  bran  3  pounds. 

(c)  Oat  hay  20  pounds,  oat  shorts  8  pounds. 

Calculate  nutrients  in  these  rations,  and,  if  possible,  look  up  Wisconsin 
Station  Research  Bulletin  17,  and  discuss  the  problem  presented  by  them. 


EXERCISE  56  (Continued) 

2.  Compare  the  following  two  rations  for  dairy  cows  as  to  digestible 
nutrients  and  feed  cost,  assuming  that  they  have  proved  equally  effective 
for  milk  production,  producing  32  pounds  of  4.5  per  cent  milk: 

(a)  Fifteen  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  5  pounds  corn  stalks,  40  pounds  mangels, 
4  pounds  corn  meal,  3  pounds  ground  oats. 

(b)  Fifteen  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  20  pounds  silags,  3  pounds  hominy  feed, 
one  pound  each  of  linseed  meal  and  dried  distillers'  grains. 

What  was  the  average  feed  cost  per  100  pounds  of  milk  and  per  pound  of 
butter  fat  in  either  case  at  current  feed  prices? 


99 


EXERCISE  57.    RATIONS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows  ON  OFFICIAL  TESTS 

1.  The  following  daily  ration  is  fed  a  high-producing  cow  weighing  1500 
pounds:  40  pounds  corn  silage,  35  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  8  pounds  barley,  7 
pounds  dried  beet  pulp,  4  pounds  wheat  bran. 

Calculate  the  digestible  nutrients  in  the  ration  and  compare  with  stand- 
ards. How  much  butter  fat  should  a  cow  produce  to  be  entitled  to  such  a 
ration? 


2.  Make  calculations  as  in  the  preceding  ration  with  the  following 
ration:  30  pounds  Indian  corn  silage  (from  well-eared,  nearly  mature  corn), 
10  pounds  clover  hay,  35  pounds  sugar  beets,  21  pounds  of  a  grain  mixture 
consisting  of  bran,  ground  oats,  gluten  feed,  equal  parts  by  weight,  and  3 
pounds  linseed  meal. 


100 


EXERCISE  58.  RELATIVE  ECONOMY  OF  DAIRY  FEEDS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  X) 

1.  Compare  alfalfa  hay  and  wheat  bran  as  components  of  rations  for  dairy 
cows  or  beef  cattle  and  give  relative  feeding  value  as  indicated  by  (a)  total 
digestible  components,  (b)  energy  values,  (c)  feed-unit  system,  and  (d)  results 
of  actual  comparative  trials.  At  ordinary  market  prices,  which  one  is  the 
more  economical  of  the  two  feeds? 


101 


EXERCISE  58    (Continued) 

2.  Calculate  the  relative  economy  of  the  following  feeds  at  the  market 
prices  given,  according  to  contents  of  total  digestible  matter,  energy  values 
and  feed-unit  system,  viz.: 

(a)  Alfalfa  hay  at  $18  a  ton,  corn  meal  at  $32  a  ton,  barley  at  $28, 
wheat  bran  at  $24.    Give  order  of  preference  for  the  purpose  of  making  up 
rations  for  dairy  cows. 

(b)  Corn  silage  at  $3.50  a  ton,  alfalfa  hay  at  $15  a  ton,  timothy  hay 
at  $18,  and  sugar  beets  at  $6  a  ton. 

(c)  Barley  at  $25  a  ton,  Indian  corn  at  $32,  wheat  bran  at  $24, 
wheat  middlings  at  $25.50,  linseed  meal  at  $38,  and  cottonseed  meal  at  $36 
a  ton. 


102 


EXERCISE  59.  RELATIVE  ECONOMY  OF  DAIRY  FEEDS 

1.  Compare  the  average  yield  of  green  feed,  of  total  dry  matter  and  of 
digestible  nutrients  obtained  during  the  season  in  your  state  from  an  acre 
of  (a)  Indian  corn,  (b)  alfalfa,  (c)  timothy  hay  and  (d)  mangels.  Make  the 
best  estimate  of  the  cost  of  production  per  acre  and  per  ton  of  these  crops 
that  you  can,  and  place  the  crops  in  their  proper  order  of  preference,  according 
to  your  results,  as  to  economy  of  production  per  ton  of  gross  yields,  total  dry 
matter,  and  digestible  nutrients. 


103 


EXERCISE  59    (Continued) 

2.  Which  are  the  most  economical  feeds  for  supplementing  alfalfa  for 
dairy  cows:  Indian  corn  at  $1.80  per  100  pounds,  barley  $1.25,  wheat  bran 
$1.20,  wheat  middlings  $1.35  and  corn  silage  at  $2.50  per  ton?  Give  order 
of  preference  according  to  (a)  content  of  total  digestible  matter,  (b)  energy 
values,  and  (c)  feed  units. 

Give  a  practical  ration  selected  from  the  preceding  feeds  for  a  1200-lb. 
cow  yielding  22  Ibs.  of  4  per  cent  milk,  according  to  Wolff -Lehmann,  Armsby, 
and  the  feed-unit  system. 


104 


EXERCISE  60.    A  STUDY  OF  DAIRY  HERD  MANAGEMENT 

1.  A  dairy  herd  consists  of  twelve  milch  cows,  three  of  which  are  heifers 
with  first  calves.  The  daily  production  of  the  herd  is  as  follows,  that  of  the 
cows  being  given  first,  and  that  of  the  heifers  last: 


No 

Milk  per  Day,  Pounds 

Per  cent  of  Butter  Fat 

In  Milk,  Months 

1 

24.0 

3.9 

2 

2 

15.3 

4.7 

5 

3 

32.5 

3.5 

1 

4 

12.2 

4.5 

7 

5 

18.7 

3.7 

6 

6 

10.3 

3.2 

4 

7 

25.0 

3.6 

2 

8 

8.6 

4.1 

8 

9 

14.2 

3.8 

3 

10 

5.7 

4.6 

6 

11 

12.3 

4.5 

5 

12 

7.6 

3.3 

9 

Should  any  of  these  cows  or  heifers  be  disposed  of  as  unprofitable? 
Place  them  in  order  of  decreasing  daily  production  of  butter  fat. 


105 


EXERCISE  60    (Continued) 

2.  Give  a  good  method  of  feeding  cows  to  be  disposed  of;  also  state  the 
kinds  and  amounts  of  grain  feed  to  be  fed  the  individual  cows  when — (a) 
alfalfa,  clover  or  cowpea  hay  is  fed;  (b)  corn  silage  and  corn  stover  are  fed. 


106 


EXERCISE  61.  FEEDING  DIFFERENT-SIZED  DAIRY  HERDS 

Outline  a  practical  system  of  feeding: 

(a)  A  single-cow  dairy. 

(b)  A  25-cow  dairy  in  your  own  locality. 

Give  total  amounts  of  feed  and  cost  at. prevailing  market  prices  in  both 
cases,  and  calculate  the  returns  from  the  dairies  on  basis  of  an  average  pro- 
duction of,  respectively,  1.5  pounds  and  0.7  pound  of  butter  fat,  valued  at 
30c  a  pound. 


107 


EXERCISE  62.  SOILING  CROPS  FOR  DAIRY  Cows 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XII) 

1.  Suggest  a  succession  of  soiling  crops  adapted  to  conditions  in  your 
state,  for  a  herd  of  25  milch  cows  producing,  on  the  average,  a  pound  of  butter 
fat  a  day,  green  feed  to  be  provided  from  May  1  to  October  15,  in  amounts 
of  30  to  60  pounds  per  head  daily,  according  to  the  crops  used.  Estimate 
the  yields  and  acreage  of  the  different  crops,  and  the  dates  between  which 
they  may  be  cut  for  green  feed. 

Calculate  the  amounts  of  hay  (a  small  feed  daily)  and  the  kinds  and 
amounts  of  concentrates  to  be  fed  in  addition  to  the  soiling  crops  during  the 
period  given. 


108 


EXERCISE  62  (Continued) 

2.  Calculate  the  approximate  cost  of  growing,  harvesting,  and  feeding 
the  soiling  crops  given  in  (1)  and,  for  the  sake  of  comparison,  estimate  the 
amounts  and  cost  of  the  corn  silage  that  would  be  required  to  furnish  equiva- 
lent amounts  of  feed  materials  for  the  period  given,  as  in  case  of  the  green  feed. 


109 


EXERCISE  63.  VALUE  or  ALFALFA  PASTURE 
1.  What  is  the  carrying-capacity  of  a  good  3-year-old  alfalfa  pasture  for 


Pasture  with  light 
Alfalfa  Alone  Grain  Feed. 


(a)  dairy  cows 

(b) '  fattening  steers .  . . 

(c)  sheep 

(d)  3-months-old  pigs 


2  How  much  alfalfa  pasturage  will  be  required  to  carry  a  herd  of  32 
dairy  cows,  yielding  on  the  average  23.5  pounds  of  4  per  cent  milk,  from  May 
15  to  October  1?  The  herd  will  receive,  in  addition  to  pasture,  a  light  feed 
of  hay  from  mixed  grasses  and  an  amount  of  grain  feed  equivalent  to  7  times 
the  yield  of  butter  fat. 


110 


EXERCISE  63  (Continued) 

3.  Calculate  the  pounds  of  feed  units  consumed  daily  by  the  cows  on  this 
feed,  estimating  a  pasture  day  at  12  feed  units.     Also  the  cost  of  the  feed 
eaten,  according  to  current  market  prices  and  with  pasture  at  $1.50  a  month 
per  head,  butter  fat  being  worth  32c  a  pound  and  skin  milk  25  cents  a  hundred. 

4.  Calculate  the  returns  obtained  from  an  acre  of  alfalfa  by  the  system 
of  feeding  outlined. 


Ill 


EXERCISE  64.    COMPARISON  or  FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  X) 

What  is  the  relative  value  of  the  following  feeds  for  fattening  steers,  at 
the  prices  given,  according  to  their  contents  of  digestible  nutrients  and  their 
energy  and  feed  unit  values: 

Clover  hay  $12  a  ton,  corn  stalks  $4  a  ton,  alfalfa  hay  $15,  shelled  corn 
50  cents  a  bushel,  oats  50  cents  a  bushel,  and  wheat  bran  $25  a  ton. 

Comparison  of  Cost  of  Feeds 


Cost  per 
100  Iba. 

Digestible  Matter 

Energy  Values 

Feed  Units 

Total 

Per  Ib. 

Therms 

Per  Therm 

Total 

Per  Unit 

1    Clover  hay  

2.  Corn  stalks  

3    Alfalfa  hay  

4.  Shelled  corn  
5.  Oats  

6.  Wheat  bran  

Order  of  preference: 

According  to  digestible  matter:    Nos. 

According  to  energy  values:    Nos. 
According  to  feed  units:    Nos. 


112 


EXERCISE  65.    RATIONS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 

Change  each  of  the  following  three  maintenance  rations  into  a  productive 
ration  by  the  addition  of  one  or  more  common  concentrates: 

1.  Corn  stalks  10  pounds,  clover  hay  5  pounds. 

2.  Clover  hay  10  pounds,  corn  silage  15  pounds. 

3.  Alfalfa  hay  8  pounds,  corn  stalks  6  pounds. 

Reduce  the  roughage  if  need  be,  in  order  to  make  an  effective  ration. 


Digestible 
Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

1. 

2. 
3. 

10  Ibs.  corn  stalks  

5  Ibs.  clover  hay  

Ibs. 
10  Ibs.  clover  hay  

15  Ibs.  corn  silage  

Ibs. 
8  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay  

6  Ibs.  corn  stalks  

Ibs. 

113 


EXERCISE  66.    A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  FATTENING  STEERS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XXIII) 

Calculate  the  nutrients  and  nutritive  ratios  in  the  two  following  rations 
for  fattening  steers.  Which  ration  would  be  likely  to  produce  the  largest  gains 
and  which  the  cheapest  gains  at  current  prices  for  feeds? 

1.  15  pounds  shelled  corn,  3  pounds  linseed  meal,  17  pounds  corn  silage, 
and  2  pounds  alfalfa  hay. 

2.  5  pounds  linseed  meal,  38  pounds  corn  silage,  and  4  pounds  alfalfa  hay. 

Components  of  Rations 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

15  Ibs  shelled  corn  

3  Ibs.  linseed  meal  

17  Ibs.  corn  silage  

2  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay  

5  Ibs.  linseed  meal  

38  Ibs.  corn  silage  

4  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay  

Wolff-Lehmann  Standard  for  1000 
pound  steers      

EXERCISE  67.    PROBLEMS  IN  STEER  FEEDING 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XXIII) 

1.  A  bunch  of  25  steers  averaging  850  pounds  are  bought  at  7  cents  a 
pound,  and  fed  a  ration  composed  of  the  following  feeds  for  a  period  of  120 
days :  Corn  silage,  corn  stover,  ear  corn,  wheat  bran,  distillers'  grains,  linseed 
meal.  In  what  proportions  and  amounts  should  these  feeds  be  fed  in  order  to 
have  the  steers  gain  2  pounds  a  day  or  better? 

At  what  price  must  they  be  sold  to  enable  the  owner  to  make  10  per  cent 
on  his  investment,  allowing  a  3  per  cent  shrinkage? 


115 


EXERCISE  67  (Continued) 

2.  With  feeders  selling  at  7  cents  a  pound,  alfalfa  at  $12  a  ton,  corn  at 
75  cents  a  bushel,  barley  at  60  cents  a  bushel,  oat  straw  at  $6  a  ton,  and  corn 
silage  worth  $3  a  ton,  how  much  must  fattening  steers  bring  after  a  feeding 
period  of  90  days,  in  order  to  return  a  fair  profit  to  the  owner? 


116 


EXERCISE  68.    A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  HORSES 


(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XXIV) 

What  are  the  amounts  of  dry  matter  and  digestible  nutrients  in  the  fol- 
lowing rations,  and  how  do  these  compare  with  the  Wolff -Lehmann  Standard 
for  horses  of  1200  pounds  weight,  doing  medium  work? 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 


Protein, 
Pounds 


Carbohydrate; 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 


N.  R. 


(a) 

lOlbs.  alfalfa  hay 

12  Ibs.  barley 

(b) 

10  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay 

10  Ibs.  Indian  corn 

(c) 

14  Ibs.  timothy  hay 

12  Ibs.  oats 

Wolff-Lehmann  Standard 

Difference 

(a) ' 

(b) 

(c).. 


117 


EXERCISE  69.    A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  HORSES 

1.  Compare  the  following  rations  for  a  1000-pound  horse  or  mule  doing 
heavy  work,  with  the  Wolff-Lehmann  and  the  feed-unit  standards: 

(a)  Twelve  pounds  pea-vine  hay,  6  pounds  blackstrap  (cane)  molasses, 
8  pounds  corn-and-cob  meal,  2  pounds  cottonseed  meal. 

(b)  Ten  pounds  corn  fodder,  5  pounds  pea-vine  hay,  10  pounds  Indian 
corn,  !*/£  pounds  cottonseed  meal. 


118 


EXERCISE  69  (Continued) 

2.  Calculate  the  nutrients  in  the  following  rations  for  farm  horses  of 
about  1200  pounds  weight,  doing  moderate  work,  and  discuss  the  rations  with 
special  reference  to  their  nutritive  ratios: 

(a)  Eighteen  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  5  pounds  oats,  5  pounds    barley,  2 
pounds  distillers'  grains. 

(b)  Fifteen  pounds  mixed  clover  and  timothy  hay,  10  pounds  corn-and- 
cob  meal,  5  pounds  oats. 

(c)  Fifteen  pounds  timothy  hay,  5  pounds  corn  stover,  3  pounds  each 
of  oats  and  dried  brewers'  grains,  6  pounds  wheat  bran. 

Suggest  changes  that  will  make  them  more  effective  without  increasing 
the  cost  appreciably  at  local  feed  prices. 


119 


EXERCISE  70.   A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  HORSES 

1.  Formulate  a  balanced  ration  for  a  1200-pound  horse  doing  medium 
work  from  the  following  feeds:  Timothy  hay,  oats,  dried  brewers'  grains, 
and  coconut  meal. 


fc. 

Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

Ibs  timothy  hay  

....  Ibs.  oats  
Ibs  dried  brewers'  grains  

1: 

2.  The  following  concentrates  are  fed  to  heavy-worked  horses,  weighing 
1500  pounds:  Oats  8  pounds,  shelled  corn  5  pounds,  wheat  ibran  2  pounds 
per  head  daily.  How  many  pounds  of  timothy  hay  are  required  to  balance 
the  ration  according  to  the  Kellner-Armsby  Standard? 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

8  Ibs.  oats  

5  Ibs.  corn  

2  Ibs.  wheat  bran  

....  Ibs.  timothy  hay  

Kellner-Armsby  Standard  

1: 

Difference  

120 


EXERCISE  71.    A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  HORSES 

Calculate  the  nutrients  in  the  following  rations  for  heavy- worked  horses. 
Suggest  an  improvement  hi  each  ration  by  changes  in  the  amounts  of 
the  feeds  or  addition  of  some  other  standard  horse  feed. 

1.  10  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  15  pounds  Indian  corn. 

2.  20  pounds  timothy  hay,  15  pounds  oats. 

3.  15  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  11  pounds  oats,  2  pounds  cottonseed  meal. 


121 


EXERCISE  71    Continued 

4.  9  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  15  pounds  oats. 

5.  8  pounds  timothy  hay,  7  pounds  alfalfa  hay.  15  pounds  oats. 

6.  15  pounds  timothy  hay,  10  pounds  molasses,  5  pounds  corn. 


122 


EXERCISE  72.    RATIONS  FOR  COLTS,  MARES  AND  WORK  HORSES 

Select  from  the  common  feeds  in  your  locality,  a  good  ration  for:  (a) 
horses  doing  heavy  work,  (b)  idle  horses,  (c)  brood  mares,  (d)  growing  colts, 
and  (e)  horses  to  be  fattened. 

Compare  the  rations  with  the  Wolff-Lehmann  and  the  Kellner-Armsby 
standards. 

(a) 


(b) 


(c) 


(d) 


(e) 


123 


•  «!•*  I     •     II  it  be  faT 


BL   :-- 


Make  a  careful 
eaten  by  growing  cote,  and  t: 
(a)  the  first  year,  and  (b)  UK 


:-- 


:-".•_  _:  " . 


EXERCISE  74.    RATIONS  FOR  FATTENING  PIGS 

1.  A  bunch  of  pigs  4  months  old  are  fed  the  following  ration:    3  pounds 
corn  meal,  1  pound  wheat  middlings,  10  pounds  skim  milk. 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

3  Ibs  corn  meal  

1  Ib   middlings       .  .        .    . 

10  Ibs.  skim  milk  

Total                    

Standard                                       .  . 

Is  it  a  balanced  ration? If  not,  what  changes  would  you  suggest? 


2.  Two-months  old  pigs  are  fed  a  slop  of  water  and  6  parts  corn  meal, 
3  parts  middlings,  and  1  part  tankage.  How  does  this  ration  compare  in 
nutritive  effect  and  cost  with  one  composed  of  1  part  corn  meal  to  3  of  skim 
milk  at  ordinary  current  market  prices  for  feeds? 


126 


EXERCISE  75.    RATIONS  FOR  FATTENING  PIGS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XXV) 

1.  Describe  the  method  of  raising  pigs  on  your  farm  or  on  some  farm 
with  which  you  are  acquainted,  with  special  reference  to  the  system  of  feeding 
practiced.  If.  unable  to  do  so,  describe  the  method  adopted  by  the  Hog 
Department  at  your  college  or  school. 


2.  Give  ratio  of  skim  milk  to  grain  that  will  give  the  best  results  in  pig 
feeding.  What  proportion  is  fed  in  case  skim  milk  is  scarce,  and  what  propor- 
tion when  an  abundant  supply  is  available?  What  can  one  afford  to  pay  for 
skin"  milk  when  corn  (grain)  is  worth  $32  a  ton? 


127 


EXERCISE  76.   FEEDING  MARKET  Pios1 


The  following  rations  are  fed  to  fattening  pigs :  (a)  3  to  6  months  old : 
120  pounds  corn  meal,  25  pounds  red  dog  flour,  10  pounds  digester  tankage; 
(b)  6  months  to  1  year  old:  100  pounds  ear  corn,  5  pounds  digester  tankage. 

What  is  the  nutritive  ratio  of  these  mixtures  and  how  much  are  the  pigs 
likely  to  clean  up? 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 

Digestible 

N.  R. 

Protein, 
Pounds 

Carbohydrates 
and  Fat, 
Pounds 

(a) 
(b) 

120  Ibs.  corn  meal  

25  Ibs.  red  dog  flour  

10  Ibs.  tankage  

Total  

• 

1: 

100  Ibs.  ear  corn  

5  Ibs.  tankage  

Total  

1:        ' 

1  New  Jersey  Report  34. 
128 


EXERCISE  77.    A  RATION  FOB  BROOD  Sows  WITH  LITTERS' 

How  much  dry  matter  and  total  digestible  nutrients  does  the  following 
ration  for  brood  sows  with  litters  contain?  How  is  it  preferably  fed  and  in 
about  what  amounts  daily,  per  sow:  100  pounds  corn  meal  (or  its  equivalent 
in  ears),  10  pounds  digester  tankage,  15  pounds  wheat  bran,  o  pounds  Unseed 
meal,  2  pounds  steamed  bone  meal. 


1  New  Jersey  Report  34. 

129 


EXERCISE  78.    A  PROBLEM  IN  PIG  FEEDING 

Describe  a  practical  system  of  feeding  a  bunch  of  50  2-months-old  pigs 
through  the  summer  and  fall,  on  alfalfa  pasture  with  concentrates,  until  they 
have  reached  a  weight  of  180  to  200  pounds. 

How  large  a  pasture  will  it  take  and  what  are  the  amounts  and  cost  of 
concentrates  required  to  get  the  pigs  ready  for  market  at  8  months  old? 

At  ordinary  market  prices  for  concentrates,  and  with  pork  at  7  cents,  what 
returns  are  obtained  per  acre  of  alfalfa  by  feeding  the  pigs  in  the  manner 
suggested? 


130 


EXERCISE  79.    A  STUDY  OF  RATIONS  FOR  GROWING  SHEEP 


(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XXVI) 

Which  of  the  following  rations  comes  closest  to  the  Armsby  Standard  for 
9-months  old  sheep: 

1.  Three  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay,  ^  pound  Indian  corn. 

2.  Two  Ibs.  clover  hay,  }/£  pound  wheat  bran,  and  ^  pound  Indian 
corn. 

3.  One  and  one  half  pounds  shredded  corn  stover,  1  pound  gluten 
feed,  34  pound  Indian  corn. 

What  is  the  relation  between  the  cost  of  the  rations,  at  ordinary  market 
prices,  and  the  nutritive  effects  they  are  likely  to  have,  judging  by  closeness 
to  the  feeding  standard? 


Dry  Matter, 
Pounds 


Digestible 
Protein, 
Pounds 


Energy 
Values, 
Therms 


1.  3  Ibs.  alfalfa  hay.. 
%  Ib.  Indian  corn. 

2.  2  Ibs.  clover  hay. . 

%  Ib.  wheat  bran . 
%  Ib.  Indian  corn . 


3.  1)^  Ibs.  corn  stover. 

1  Ib.  gluten  feed 

J^t  Ib.  corn 


The  Armsby  Standard . 


131 


EXERCISE  80.   RATIONS  FOR  FATTENING  LAMBS 

An?  any  changes  desirable  in  the  following  rations  for  70-pound  fattening 
lambs  in  order  to  bring  them  closer  to  the  Wolff-Lehniann  Standard? 

1.  One  and  one-hatf  pounds  clover  hay,  12  pound  Indian  corn,  ^4  pound 
dried  beet  pulp,  and  ^4  pound  Unseed  meal. 

2.  One  pound  mixed  hay,  fa  pound  corn  stover,  Vg  pound  oats,  and  % 
pound  wheat  bran. 


Dic« 

stibte 

Drv  Matter. 
iSwds 

Proteim. 
Nwii 

Gubotivdnkte«          v    ,, 
aukdFat.                N    R 
Pounds 

•  Ihs.  ckror  lay  

Mfo.com  

• 

K  ft*,  dried  beet  puh>  . 

X  UK  iraeed  meal  

2.  1  lb.  mixed  hav  

1: 

fa  Ib*  com  stover  

-.  .  -  -     v-. 

mb,wfcwtbMO»  

Woffi-Lphmann  Standard 

'= 

\ 

A 


.  « 


-Tite 

V',       . 

• 

*    -»•"     <« 

«       -1          P 

• 
- 


P»r  <«*»!  ^tx'r.        IVr  <>«»«l 

>A"  ;-  I 

Qaalilj 

Low,  Medium, 

lhS*v»lllx|o 

No. 

Hi<h 

I^MMM 

1 

I 

3 

4 

5 

6 

CWM4iM^ 
«0n>t(t»( 


1  Exercises  81-82,  contributed  by  Prof.  J.  K,  D«U«h«»rtvv,  Univ, 


ill 


EXERCISE  82.    A  STUDY  OF  POULTRY  RATIONS 

(Reference,  Productive  Feeding,  Chapter  XXVII 

L  Weigh  out  the  feeds  in  the  mixtures  given  below,  mix  them  thoroughly 
and  observe  the  foDowing  points:  (a)  bulk,  (b)  coarseness,  (c)  fiber  content . 
(d)  palatability,  and  (e)  if  ground  feed,  mix  with  water  and  note  crumbliness 
or  stickiness.  Determine  nutritive  ratio  of  each  and  cost  per  pound. 


15  Ibs.  wheat.  5  Ibs.  each  of  wheat  bran,  shorts  or  brown 

15  Ibs.  bariey,  whole  or  rolled.  middlings  ground  barley  or  oats. 

5  Ibs.  corn,  whole  Egyptian  or  cracked      2  Ibs.  soybean  meal  or  Unseed  meal. 

3  Ibs.  meat  scraps. 
££  Ib.  fine  charcoal. 
^  lb.  salt  (1  Ib.  in  200  Ibs.  mash). 


134 


GfaHtMBd 


1.  The  math  ration  may  be  altered  by  reducing  tbe 
meal  or  linseed  meal  one-half  and  »«Ming  a  pound  of  aifatfa : 
meal  could  be  substituted  for  the  ground  barley.    What 
and  cost  with  this  change? 

2.  In  case  wheat  becomes  too  *»!«•••••»  to  be  led  eeoaonaicaRy.  it 
be  reduced  in  the  above  ration  by  using  equal  parts  by  weight  of 
Indian  corn,  bariey  and  Egyptian  corn  (or  mik>/. 

3.  A  still  further  reduction  in  wheat  used  would  be  secured  by 
equal  parts  of  wheat,  Indian  corn,  Egyptian  com  or  milo.  bariey  and 

4.  If  h  were  necessary  to  entirely  eliminate  wheat,  a  mixture  of 
parts  of  Indian  corn,  oats  and  Egyptian  corn  or  mflo  might  be  fed  in  tie ! 

ing  with  a  feed  of  soaked  bariey  (soaked  for  24  hours)  at  night.  A  amber 
of  combinations  quite  similar  in  character  could  be  used  in  periods  of  fajgh 
prices. 

What  would  be  the  nutritive  ratio  and  cost  of  each  in  2,  3,  aad  4? 

Note  the  difference  in  cost  from  the  cnjaai  mixture? 


Digestion  Coefficient*  of  Common  Feeding  Stuffs,  in  Per  Cent 
(Various  authorities) 


Feeding  Stuffs 


Dry 

Matter 


Protein 


Fat 


Fiber 


X-free 

Extract 


Green  alfalfa 61  74  39  43 

Timothy  hay 55  48  50  50 

Meadow  hay 61  57  50  62 

Alfalfa  hay." 62  72  43  47 

Red  clover  hay 61  62  62  49 

Indian  com  iodder  (cured) 66  45  70  63 

Cornstalks 57  36  67  64 

Oat  straw 48  33  36  54 

Com  silage 66  51  82  65 

Mangels 87  70  37 

Sugar  beets 72  34 

Corn  meal 88  66  91 

Com-and-cob  meal 79  52  84  45 

Oats 70  89  31 

Barley 86  70  89  50 

Mflomaue..  80  57  88  100 

Buckwheat  feed l 62  67  70  36 

Grain  screenings 79  75  94  65 

Wheat  bran 66  77  63  41 

Wheat  middlings,  flour 82  88  86  36 

Wheat  middlings,  standard  (shorts)...  77  88  30 

Red  dog  flour 87  88  36 

Peameal 87  83  55  26 

Gluten  feed 87  85  82  76 

Brewers'  grains,  dried 62  80  90  50 

Distillers'  grains,  dried 79  73  95  95 

Linseed  meal  (O.  P.) 79  89  89  57 

Cottonseed  meal 77  83  94  35 

Cottonseed  hulls 41  6  79  47 

Coconut  meal 80  78  97  63 

Beet  pulp,  plain  dried 77  51  . .  72 

Beet  pulp,  molasses 83  62  ..  80 

Cane  molasses  (blackstrap) 78  32 

Skimmilk 98  95  00 

Tankage 92  97  187 


7-2 
62 
62 
72 
69 

73 
59 
46 
71 
95 

97 
92 
88 
77 
92 

84 
71 
85 
71 
88 

78 

88' 

94 

89 

60 

81 

78 
78 
34 
83 

86 

91 

90 

100 


-   'Calculated. 


*  Assumed. 


136 


SUGGESTED  APPARATUS 

1.  One  analytical  balance,  capacity  200  grams  to  one  milligram $15.00 

2.  One  set  metric  weights,  100  grams  to  one  milligram 2.75 

3.  One  Barnes  dissecting  microscope 1.50 

4.  One  tripod  magnifier .70 

5.  One  gross  3x1  inch  slides 85 

6.  One  ounce  No.  2  circular  covers,  18  mm.  diameter .60 

7.  One  forcep,  medium  straight,  120  mm.  long 45 

8.  Petri  dishes,  4  inches,  with  covers 3.00 

9.  One  dropping  bottle,  one  ounce 20 

10.  Two  Griffin  beakers,  100  c.c 48. 

11.  One  scalpel,  ^  inch 25 

12.  5J^-inch  brass  sieves,  one  50-iflch  mesh 70 

13.  One  set  of  two  sieves,  20-  and  80-inch  mesh,  with  cover  and  pan 1.50 

$27.74 


137 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA 
BRANCH    OF    THE    COLLEGE    OF    AGRICULTURE 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


5m-8,'26 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


